Madzab Mu'tazila (725 - 850 - 1025 M) meminjam konsep-konsep pemikiran Yunani dan melihat akal sebagai pendukung iman. Pengakuan akal sebagai sumber pengetahuan (selain sumber wahyu) mendorong penelitian tentang manusia (kodrat, martabat dan tabiatnya). Mengikuti etika Aristoteles, karena akal membuat manusia mampu membedakan baik dan buruk, maka berbuat baik adalah wajib. Pemimpin harus mewajibkan umatnya berbuat baik, masing-masing warga menjauhkan diri dari perbuatan tercela.
Daripadanya dijabarkan hubungan antar-manusia dan antar-bangsa, dan hak azasi (kemauan bebas) manusia. Pandangan ini cocok dengan al Qur'an (Surah 3 ayat 110): "amr bil-a'ruf wa'l nahy an'al-munkar".
Menurut Madzab Mu'tazila, al Qur'an tercipta, artinya "dirumuskan oleh manusia, dengan latar belakang tempat dan zaman yang khusus". Maka para Mu'tazila membaca al Qur'an dengan kacamata rasionalis.
13 Mei 2008
PEMIKIRAN NEOPLATONISME
Yang Esa adalah awal, yang pertama, yang paling baik, paling tinggi, dan yang kekal. Yang esa tidak dapat dikenal oleh manusia karena tidak dapat dibandingkan atau disamakan dengan apa pun juga. Yang esa adalah pusat daya, -- seluruh realitas berasal dari pusat itu lewat proses pancaran (emanasi), bagai matahari yang memancarkan sinarnya. Kendati proses emanasi, yang esa tak berkurang atau terpengaruh sama sekali. Dan...Manusia harus berkontemplasi untuk mengatasi hal-hal yang inderawi, yang merupakan penghambat besar bagi pembebasannya dari hidup dalam dimensi materi yang bersifat gelap (dan berakhir kepada kematian) menuju kepada hidup dalam dimensi roh yang membawa kepada terang (serta awal dari kekekalan). Jejak pemikiran neoplatonisme dapat diamati dalam pengalaman mistik, yaitu pengalaman menyatu dengan Tuhan atau "jiwa kosmik". Banyak agama menekankan keterpisahan antara Tuhan dan Ciptaan, tetapi para ahli mistik tidak menemui pemisahan seperti itu. Mereka jutru mengalami rasa "penyatuan dengan Tuhan". Ketika penyatuan itu terjadi, ahli mistik merasa dia "kehilangan dirinya", dia lenyap ke dalam diri Tuhan atau hilang dalam diri Tuhan, sebagaimana setitik atau sepercik air kehilangan dirinya ketika telah menyatu dalam samudera raya.
Tetapi pengalaman mistik itu tidak selalu datang sendiri. Ahli mistik harus mencari jalan "pencucian dan pencerahan" untuk bisa bertemu dengan Tuhan, melalui hidup sederhana dan berbagai teknik meditasi. Kecenderungan mistik tu diketemukan dalam semua agama besar di dunia. Dalam "agama" Jawa dikenallah konsep "manunggaling kawula lan Gusti", yang jejaknya dalam sastra suluk Jawa digali dan diungkapkan bagi generasi masa kini dalam konteks filsafat dan pandangan keagamaan oleh Zoetmulder. (Zoetmulder SJ almarhum adalah Guru Besar di Fakultas Sastra UGM).
Tetapi pengalaman mistik itu tidak selalu datang sendiri. Ahli mistik harus mencari jalan "pencucian dan pencerahan" untuk bisa bertemu dengan Tuhan, melalui hidup sederhana dan berbagai teknik meditasi. Kecenderungan mistik tu diketemukan dalam semua agama besar di dunia. Dalam "agama" Jawa dikenallah konsep "manunggaling kawula lan Gusti", yang jejaknya dalam sastra suluk Jawa digali dan diungkapkan bagi generasi masa kini dalam konteks filsafat dan pandangan keagamaan oleh Zoetmulder. (Zoetmulder SJ almarhum adalah Guru Besar di Fakultas Sastra UGM).
THIS IS E-MAIL FROM YANTI HERLANTY
The Mickelson ExxonMobil Teachers Academy Expands Opportunties for Teachers to Attend the 2009 ProgramThe Mickelson ExxonMobil Teachers Academy recently announced a new way for elementary school teachers to get a chance to attend the 2009 Mickelson ExxonMobil Teachers Academy and improve their math and science teaching skills.Students can nominate teachers from Grades 3, 4, and 5 or urge them to apply for an all-expense paid trip to the Academy’s math and science professional development program by logging on to www.sendmyteacher. com, an interactive website.Developed in conjunction with the National Science Teachers Association and Math Solutions, the Mickelson ExxonMobil Teachers Academy enables teachers to hone their science and math teaching skills, enhance their curricula, and discover innovative new ways to inspire students.The teachers will spend five days next July at the Liberty Science Center in Jersey City, NJ, deepening their understanding of mathematics and science content, building expertise in facilitating student learning through problem solving and inquiry, and using links between math and science that support student learning and understanding in the classroom.Teacher applications are due by October 31, 2008. The National Science Teachers Association and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics will convene a panel of math and science experts to evaluate the entries and announce the selections in February 2009.The 2008 Mickelson ExxonMobil Teachers Academy will host more than 600 teachers in Houston, Texas; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and Jersey City, New Jersey. To date, nearly 1000 teachers have attended the Mickelson ExxonMobil Teachers Academy.To nominate a teacher or to learn more about the program, visit www.sendmyteacher. com
NSTA
THIS MORNING I OPENED MY E-MAIL AND I RECEIVED THIS ISSUES FROM YANTI HERLANTI. THANKS.
NSTA Issues National Call for Entries for the 2008–2009 NSTA New Science Teacher AcademyOn April 1, NSTA announced a call for entries for the 2008–2009 NSTA New Science Teacher Academy. Cofounded by the Amgen Foundation, the NSTA New Science Teacher Academy is a fellowship program created to help promote quality science teaching, enhance teacher confidence and classroom excellence and improve teacher content knowledge. NSTA Fellows selected for the program will receive a comprehensive membership package, online mentoring with trained mentors who teach in the same discipline, and the opportunity to participate in a variety of web-based professional development activities, including web seminars. In addition, each NSTA Fellow will receive financial support to attend and participate in NSTA’s 2009 National Conference on Science Education in New Orleans. This year’s 150 new science teachers supported by the Amgen Foundation will be named Amgen-NSTA Fellows.Science teachers located throughout the country who will be entering their second or third year of teaching and whose schedule is a minimum of 51 percent middle or high school science, can apply to the become an NSTA Fellow. For more information about the NSTA New Science Teacher Academy or to learn how to apply to become a fellow, please visit www.nsta.org/ academy. Applications must be submitted no later than May 23, 2008, to be considered.NS
NSTA Issues National Call for Entries for the 2008–2009 NSTA New Science Teacher AcademyOn April 1, NSTA announced a call for entries for the 2008–2009 NSTA New Science Teacher Academy. Cofounded by the Amgen Foundation, the NSTA New Science Teacher Academy is a fellowship program created to help promote quality science teaching, enhance teacher confidence and classroom excellence and improve teacher content knowledge. NSTA Fellows selected for the program will receive a comprehensive membership package, online mentoring with trained mentors who teach in the same discipline, and the opportunity to participate in a variety of web-based professional development activities, including web seminars. In addition, each NSTA Fellow will receive financial support to attend and participate in NSTA’s 2009 National Conference on Science Education in New Orleans. This year’s 150 new science teachers supported by the Amgen Foundation will be named Amgen-NSTA Fellows.Science teachers located throughout the country who will be entering their second or third year of teaching and whose schedule is a minimum of 51 percent middle or high school science, can apply to the become an NSTA Fellow. For more information about the NSTA New Science Teacher Academy or to learn how to apply to become a fellow, please visit www.nsta.org/ academy. Applications must be submitted no later than May 23, 2008, to be considered.NS
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